2006年考研政治理论客观题必备1500题 pdf mobi txt 2024 电子版 下载
2006年考研政治理论客观题必备1500题电子书下载地址
内容简介：
本书是我们为考生精心编写、全新推出的又一本考研政治必备良书。
全书为考生准备了多达500道主观题（分析题），并对历年来常考的重要知识点以及一些新增的知识点进行了重点编写，力求帮助考生熟悉题型，把握重点内容，了解命题思路。
本书每章包括：知识点结构图，备考复习指要（包括本章主要内容、重点掌握知识点和已考知识点回顾），命题预测，精选习题演练，习题参考答案五个部分，从出题角度、解题方法、参考答案等各方面深度启发考生。
本书可与其姊妹篇《2006年考研政治理论客观题必备1500题》一书配合使用。
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书籍介绍
本书是我们为考生精心编写、全新推出的又一本考研政治必备良书。
全书为考生准备了多达500道主观题（分析题），并对历年来常考的重要知识点以及一些新增的知识点进行了重点编写，力求帮助考生熟悉题型，把握重点内容，了解命题思路。
本书每章包括：知识点结构图，备考复习指要（包括本章主要内容、重点掌握知识点和已考知识点回顾），命题预测，精选习题演练，习题参考答案五个部分，从出题角度、解题方法、参考答案等各方面深度启发考生。
本书可与其姊妹篇《2006年考研政治理论客观题必备1500题》一书配合使用。
精彩短评：
作者：亡咲絶 发布时间：2012-03-15 17:15:47
（满脸血……
作者：哈来来 发布时间：2008-08-15 23:00:46
我唯一通篇被逼的情况下，看完的名著。可惜看得这个译本很一般。
作者：臭小子阿震. 发布时间：2023-03-17 11:01:20
看不下去的翻译
作者：天涯明月刀 发布时间：2022-01-02 18:52:26
译本整体还不错，就是薄了点
作者：小明 发布时间：2011-08-04 17:12:51
她的身上，布满了实验产生的污迹。但她的灵魂却是如此至纯，没有污点。
世界上有一个人定义了完美——玛丽*居里。
作者：小马哥 发布时间：2015-11-20 22:30:11
以为商务印书馆的版本会权威点，有些现代的说教太政治正确了。
深度书评：
《四书章句集注》读书报告
作者：项平 发布时间：2021-06-01 16:06:31
这是给陈声柏老师《“四书”选读》课程写的期中作业，ddl竟在儿童节。前一天晚上，还在喝着啤酒吃小龙虾，今早朦朦胧胧爬起来做了一半，剩余部分在下午写完。因此，这篇读书报告真的很水……
[
前按
：这学期选修《“四书”选读》课，主要以朱熹《四书章句集注》（中华书局2016年版）为阅读底本，于古典注疏传统中，按需比照赵岐、孙爽（《孟子注疏》，北京大学出版社1999年版）、焦循（《孟子正义（全二册）》，中华书局1987年版）等注家，继而部分对读了杨伯峻《论》《孟》两册译注（中华书局2009年版；中华书局1960年版）。参考相关今人专著，则不在此一一列出。近半年来最大感触是，晦庵云“汩没于章句训诂之间，黾勉于规矩绳约之内”（《答陈抑之》），又曰，读书“如与古人对面说话，彼此对答”（《答张元德》），如此一前一后，自己到底两头不沾，顶多操纵某些“掮客术”，搬运资料，争做巴尔扎克口中庸人（mediocre person），应付了两次小组主题发言。首次发言，协调小组成员，以京都学派“唐宋变革”为立论之据，企冀爬梳“理学转向”的某些根底，然失之支离，没有什么建树；第二次发言就在上周，通过构建传教士对“四书”系统的译介语境，与其对19世纪德国自然理性（natural reason）思潮的影响，来表达中西思想传播的复杂局面。究其理据，往大了说，其实皆不满于中国古典文献的“旧学”体系，有意识无意识，都想跳脱出来。但这显然并非轻易而能为之。这篇读书报告便实则旨在部分回顾自己的阅读历程，粗粗整理，也算是完成作业。]
小组主题发言课堂一角（5.25）
《四书章句集注》之成书
南宋绍熙元年（1190）于漳州，朱熹刊出《四书章句集注》凡19卷。其间版本流变，话题庞杂，并非此读书报告处理的重点。《四库全书总目提要》
[1]
经部总叙论“自汉京以后垂二千年，儒者沿波，学凡六变”，认为曹魏时王弼、王肃“稍持异议，流风所扇，或信或疑”，而至五代、北宋其间孔、贾、啖、赵及孙复、刘敞，“各自论说，不相统摄，及其弊也杂”
[2]
，而“洛闽继起，道学大昌，摆落汉唐，独研义理，凡经师旧说，俱排斥以为不足信，其学务别是非，及其弊也悍。”据此中清时期官修目录学体系对朱子之学的思想史定位，便可分出后人意见之岐正。与之相较，程朱学在东亚数百年之流衍，于今日亦已为学界重要话题。
这一注本，分出《大学章句》1卷、《中庸章句》1卷、《论语集注》10卷，及《孟子集注》14卷。《大学章句》部分沿袭了“伊川本”对《小戴礼记》中《大学》一篇的编排，分出“经”“传”，认为“经”乃“孔子之言而曾子述之”，而“传”则为“曾子之意而门人记之”，又据己意编出“格物致知补传”一则，置于文中
[3]
。《中庸》则是“孔门传授心法”，而由“子思笔之于书以授孟子”，言内之意，即发明了由孔子经曾参、子思传至孟子，复由二程和朱子本人继承的儒家道统
[4]
。至于训诂，朱子认为“某所解《语》、《孟》，和训诂注在下面，要人精粗本末，字字为咀嚼过。”然随文字学工作日渐完善，朱注愈遭质疑，又是后话。
中华书局此版《四书章句集注》，据文前点校说明，以吴英、吴志忠父子本为底本，以清仿宋大字本校勘，避讳之处（如匡作正、恒作常、慎作谨、淳作厚、扩作拓等）一律不从，且不出校。
“四书”与白鹿洞书院
朱熹于南宋孝宗淳熙六年（1179）开始重建白鹿洞书院，被认为是复兴私人讲学的传统。书院时期，他自叹“珍重个中无限乐，诸郎莫苦羡腾骞”（《白鹿洞讲会》）。陈荣捷认为，白鹿洞书院所授课程，代表朱子教学从一般儒家经典演进到四子书的一个过渡时期
[5]
。其中典例，是孟子地位的浮沉变化。在《白鹿书堂策问》中，朱子提出：
孔子殁，七十子丧，杨、墨之徒出，孟子明孔子之道以正之，而后其说不得肆，千有余年。诸生皆诵说孔子，而独荀卿、扬雄、王通、韩愈号为以道鸣者。然于孟子，或非之，或自比焉，或无称焉，或尊其功以为不在禹下。其归趣之不同既如此，而是数子者，后议其前，或以为同门而异户，或无称焉，或以为大醇而小疵，而不得与之斯道之传者……是必有说矣。
[6]
黄俊杰则敏锐地指出，与朱子同时代的陆象山，也在讨论类似话题：
孟子之后，以儒称于当世者，荀卿、扬雄、王通、韩愈四子最著。《荀子》有《非十二子》篇，子思、孟轲与焉。荀子去孟子未远，观其言，甚尊孔子，严王霸之辨，隆师隆礼，则其学必有所传，亦必自孔氏者也，而乃甚非子思、孟轲，何也？至言子夏、子游、子张，又皆斥以贱儒，则期所师者果何人？而所传者果何道耶？其所以排子思、孟轲、子夏、子游、子张者，果皆出其私意私说，而举无足稽耶？抑亦有当考而论之者耶？
依照黄俊杰的论述，思路之相似，实则呈现出孟子思想体系中的“单位观念”（unit-ideas）或“观念丛”（ideas-complex）在理学概念观照下的共同的重新发明
[7]
。另一方面，如同《左传》之“君子曰”，《史记》之“太史公曰”，两汉书之论赞，《资治通鉴》之“臣光曰”，朱、陆的史思，亦不出《春秋》以降的循“迹”以求“本”、垂“变”以显“常”的史义传统。
[8]
然而，仅基于观念辨异来疏通白鹿洞书院之于“四书”学的作用，大概不足。杨念群在《儒学地域化的近代形态》中尝试以社会史与思想史加以沟通，是为新解
[9]
。该读书报告在此不另行做出展开。
朱注：以《大学章句》为例
朱熹在其开篇解释到：
子程子曰：“大学，孔氏之遗书，而初学入德之门也。”于今可见古人为学次第者，独赖此篇之存，而《论》、《孟》次之。学者必由是而学焉，则庶乎其不差矣。
[10]
通常认为，这反映了朱熹自道统出发而论“四书”次第的方法论，与正文部分“三纲八目”之划分与鹄的一脉相承，这亦是下文注解中，引“程子曰：‘亲，当作新’”，使己意明彰的先声。在定“亲”为“新”后（暂且不论其中争议），朱熹便能自如地将“大学之道，在明明德，在亲民，在止于至善”注为：
大学者，大人之学也。明，明之也，明德者，人之所得乎天，而虚灵不昧，以具众理而应万事者也。但为气禀所拘，人欲所蔽，则有时而昏；然其本体之明，则有未尝息者。故学者当因其所发而遂明之，以复其初也。新者，革其旧之谓也，言既自明其明德，又当推以及人，使之亦有以去其旧染之污也。止者，必至于是而不迁之意。至善，则事理当然之极也。言明明德、新民，皆当至于至善之地而不迁。盖必其有以尽夫天理之极，而无一毫人欲之私也。此三者，大学之纲领也。
[11]
以“大人之学”释“大学”，这一解读广为后世沿用。关于“明德者，人之所得乎天”句，历来有所争执。如果暂将旧学内部的讨论搁置，以18世纪传教士以基督教视野译介“四书”系统的角度出发，会对这一问题具直观感受。韩振华指出，“传教士们……在研读理学文献时发现，理学聚焦的‘理’‘太极’等概念在先秦原始儒学那里并不重要，而原始儒学经常提及的‘上帝’‘昊天’在宋代理学那里已几乎丧失了所有人格神含义……所以，即使主张‘适应’的耶稣会士，也强调区分原始儒学和宋代理学，他们编译《西文四书直解》时宁愿选用张居正的注释也不用影响更大的朱熹《四书章句集注》……”
[12]
卫方济拉丁译本以ratio译“理”，在韩振华看来，这显然是循朱熹至张居正这一理解脉络而做出的处理。韩振华指出，ratio本为“比例”“比”义，在该经院哲学语境中，ratio普遍指称“正义之理”（recta ratio），经由启蒙运动，实则愈加指涉拒信“启示真理”的现代理性主义
[13]
。以此“自然神学”视角检视，则以朱子学问为代表的宋明理学系统愈显自然理性（natural reason）特征。因此，若依照耶稣会教士的理性视角，“明德者，人之所得乎天”具有显然的启示神论视野。相关译介话题，这里就不再展开。
对于朱熹对《大学》的阐释，牟宗三在《心体与性体》中指出：《大学》则只是在形式上论说工夫纲领，不能作为儒学道统的延续者；尤其是伊川、朱子对于《大学》的诠释，开出了儒学的“别子为宗”。然而在《新编中国哲学史》里，劳思光则认为，代表儒学正统的只有《论语》《孟子》所讨论的心性论，因此认为以《易传》《中庸》为经典的周濂溪-张横渠是字宙论时期，以《大学》为经典的程伊川–朱子则是形上学时期，均非儒学的正统；而只有以《论语》《孟子》为经典的陆象山-王阳明之心性论，才是儒学的正统。显然，我们不能将后世之争直接回溯至朱子之学头上，但透过新儒学的争议而窥朱注，亦是一条进路。
陈群在《明清之际的<大学>诠释研究》中给出了相关问题的梳理，他指出，“学者基本上都认为朱子主张心性有别，如牟宗三先生以其理气二分的判定，认为心以气言，是形而下者；性以理言，是形而上者；主张心性有本质之别，严辨心性。蒙培元先生早期的观点基本与牟说无异，但后来却认为由于朱子有‘心有体用’的说法，从而主张朱子的心性关系不当如牟说那样严加区分。陈来先生也认为心性之间有别，但不赞同牟宗三先生从形上、形下的角度来绝对区分二者，而是从心性的内涵、心能知觉、心有善恶等方面来区分心性。就三位的观点而言，应当以牟宗三先生的说法最为可取。因为此处所说的心性之别，是就心性作为哲学概念的本质而言的，因此在逻辑上不能混同。陈来先生显然也是承认了朱子在心性上有别，只是他是从朱子论心性的全部内容来讨论的，而不仅仅是在哲学概念上去讨论的，即不是在心性之本质的意义上去讨论的。蒙培元先生在后期所主张的‘心有体用’的观点，与陈来先生所论一样，均是将心性的本质问题混同于心性关系的全部内容。“
[14]
小结
该读书报告尝试结合近期阅读所得，略为展开《四书章句集注》多样面目之数角：以版本学视角考察《四书章句集注》的文本流变，以目录学视角做思想史工夫，以文字之学探讨对朱注解读的历史质疑，以社会史视野研究“儒学地域化”对朱子学的影响，以西人译介来重构中西思想传播的历史语境，以义理辨析作为当代新儒家的争论题域。这些都是内在充实的题目，皆得益于学科各界业已成熟或有待完善的工作。
当然，以上梳理无疑都是极其粗略而有所不足的。这份读书报告想要展开的工作，诚待于接下来的学习中继续完成。
[1]
转引自张舜徽：《四库提要叙讲疏》（云南人民出版社2005年版）。
[2]
叶平借库恩“范式”概念，指出唐末五代十国其间经学范式之变促进了“三教会通”范式之变。如啖助、赵匡、陆淳中等人的中唐新春秋学，开启了“会通”以“救弊”的经学范式，促使其它学术领域的迅速变化，参叶平：《唐末五代十国儒学研究：以儒学范式的转变为中心》（中国社会科学出版社2018年版）。
[3]
参陈群：《明清之际的<大学>诠释研究》（科学出版社2017年版）。
[4]
参[宋]朱熹：《四书章句集注》（中华书局2016年版），点校说明。
[5]
参陈荣捷《朱子与书院》，收入《朱子新探索》（台湾学生书局，1988年版），第478-518页。转引自黄俊杰：《中国孟学诠释史论》（社会科学文献出版社2004年版），第2页。
[6]
朱熹：《朱文公文集》（卷74《白鹿书堂策问》），第1369b-1370a页。转引自黄俊杰：《中国孟学诠释史论》（社会科学文献出版社2004年版），第3页。
[7]
黄俊杰：《中国孟学诠释史论》（社会科学文献出版社2004年版），第5页
[8]
加贺荣治：《中国古典解释史》（劲草书房1964年版），转引自黄俊杰：《中国孟学诠释史论》（社会科学文献出版社2004年版），第5页。
[9]
杨念群：《儒学地域化的近代形态：三大知识群体互动的比较研究》（生活·读书·新知三联书店，2011年版·····）
[10]
[宋]朱熹：《四书章句集注》（中华书局2016年版），第3页。值得一提的是，中华书局此版《四书章句集注》，于上引“子程子”三字合用人名号，似乎有误，第一个“子”应当解为动词。
[11]
[宋]朱熹：《四书章句集注》（中华书局2016年版），第3页。
[12]
韩振华：《他乡有夫子》（中国社会科学出版社2017年版），第11-12页。原文引孟德卫《奇异的国度：耶稣会适应政策与汉学的起源》，指出上述二者的差异实属夸大；另有梅谦立（Thierry Meynard）之《<孔夫子>：最初西文翻译的儒家经典》一文可供佐证。另一方面，耶稣会内部的分歧（如龙华民废除“天”“上帝”天主“”等原有汉语词的合法性，而改译音）亦难以忽视。
[13]
这一说法是有争议的。若查
Collins Latin Dictionary
，ratio并无“比”义。Peter Shor指出，“The backformation from rational to ratio presumably happened in English.”“Anyway, the word ἄλογος was translated into Latin as irrationalis, and according to the OED, the mathematical sense of irrational is first attested in English in 1551, and the mathematical sense of rational in 1570. The mathematical sense of ratio is first attested in English in 1660, so it seems that the mathematical meaning of ratio was a backformation from rational.”
[14]
陈群：《明清之际的<大学>诠释研究》（科学出版社2017年版），第20页。原文参牟宗三：《心体与性体》下（上海古籍出版社2007年版），第147页；蒙培元：《理学的演变一一从朱熹到王夫之戴震》（方志出版社2007年版），第33-43页；蒙培元：《朱子哲学十论》（中国人民大学出版社2010年版），第81-88页；陈来：《朱子哲学研究》，（生活・读书・新知三联书店2009年版），第257-263页。
做人做事的普遍原则
作者：Hammer_ 发布时间：2012-02-03 18:21:57
Before we commence reading How To Win Friends And Influence People, we should first realize that this book had been written to be used to as textbook for the author's course in Effective speaking and Human relationship and it still used for today.
So please not categorize this book as Self-help or Motivational book which often be degraded by those who unceasingly declaim how badly they hate this sort of things.
Dealing with people is probably the biggest problem we face, especially if you are in business. Those principles can apply to all walks of people.
If you wish to get the most out of this book, there is one indispensable requirement, one essential infinitely more important than any rule or technique. Unless you have this one fundamental requisite, a thousand rules on how to study will avail little.
What is this magic requirement? Just this: a deep, driving desire to learn, a vigorous determination to increase your ability to deal with people.
Once you believe,that works.
“Education,” said the author “is the ability to meet life’s situations,”
If by the time you have finished reading the first three chapters of this book- if you aren’t then a little better equipped to meet life’s situations, then I shall consider this book to be a total failure so far as you are concerned. For “the great aim of education,” said the author, “is not knowledge but action.”
And this is an action book :)
----------------------------------
readingnote:
第一大章：怎样赢得朋友
原则一：永远不要去批评别人
很精辟，我们应该转换方式，让他们自己发现，或者用一种温和，婉转的方式，反之就算是中肯的批评也是有害无利
1.ninety-nine times out of a hundred, people don’t criticize themselves for anything, no matter how wrong it may be.
2.Criticism is futile because it puts a person on the defensive and usually makes him strive to justify himself. Criticism is dangerous, because it wounds a person’s precious pride, hurts his sense of importance, and arouses resentment
3.Let’s realize that the person we are going to correct and condemn will probably justify himself or herself, and condemn us in return or, like the gentle Taft, will say: “I don’t see how I could have done any differently from what I have.
4.每当我们想要批评别人的时候，想想这句话：“I don’t see how I could have done any differently from what I have”Judge not, that ye be not judged
5.最真诚的忠告------勿责人，常思已过：Do you know someone you would like to change and regulate and improve? Good! That is fine. I am all in favor of it, But why not begin on yourself? From a purely selfish standpoint, that is a lot more profitable than trying to improve others - yes, and a lot less dangerous. “Don’t complain about the snow on your neighbor’s roof,” said Confucius, “when your own doorstep is unclean.”
6.每个人都是感性的动物：When dealing with people, let us remember we are not dealing with creatures of logic. We are dealing with creatures of emotion, creatures bristling with prejudices and motivated by pride and vanity.
7.我们应该做的：Instead of condemning people, let’s try to understand them. Let’s try to figure out why they do what they do. That’s a lot more profitable and intriguing than criticism and it breeds sympathy, tolerance and kindness. “To know all is to forgive all.”
------------------------------
原则二 如何与人打交道---Give honest and sincere appreciation
1、（有道理！）There is only one way under high heaven to get anybody to do anything. Did you ever stop to think of that? Yes, just one way. And that is by making the other person want to do it. Remember, there is no other way.
2.每个人都得到赞扬啊：The deepest principle in human nature is the craving to be appreciated.The desire for a feeling of importance is one of the chief distinguishing differences between mankind and the animals
3. 赞扬和奉承的区别：The difference between appreciation and flattery? That is simple. One is sincere and the other insincere. One comes from the heart out,the other from the teeth out. One is unselfish,the other selfish. One is universally admired, the other universally condemned.
4.多点发自内心的感激，别吝啬对我们爱的人的赞扬：When we are not engaged in thinking about some definite problem, we usually spend about 95 percent of our time thinking about ourselves. Now, if we stop thinking about ourselves for a while and begin to think of the other person’s good points, we won’t have to resort to flattery so cheap and false that it can be spotted almost before it is out of the mouth
5. 真的是这样呢：Let’s cease thinking of our accomplishments, our wants. Let’s try to figure out the other person’s good points. Then forget flattery. Give honest, sincere appreciation. Be “hearty in your approbation and lavish in your praise,” and people will cherish your words and treasure them and repeat them over a lifetime -repeat them years after you have forgotten them
------------------------------------------
原则三. 去谈论人家感兴趣的事----Arouse in the other person an eager want
1.少谈自己，谈大家的兴趣和利益所在：So the only way cm earth to influence other people is to talk about what they want and show them how to get it. Remember that tomorrow when you are trying to get somebody to do something. If, for example, you don’t want your children to smoke, don’t preach at them, and don’t talk about what you want? but show them that cigarettes may keep them from making the basketball team or winning the hundred-yard dash.（销售的人应该学学，学会从他人的角度看问题）
2.If out of reading this book you get just one thing- an increased tendency to think always in terms of other people’s point of view, and see things from their angle - if you get that one thing out of this book, it may easily prove to be one of the building blocks of your career.
3、我们的目的不是为了操纵人，而是实现双赢：Looking at the other person’s point of view and arousing in him an eager want for something is not to be construed as manipulating that person so that he will do something that is only for your benefit and his detriment
----------------------------------
第二大章：怎样让人喜欢你
原则一：Become genuinely interested in other people--对他人感兴趣
1.If we want to make friends, let’s put ourselves out to do things for other people -things that require time, energy, unselfishness and thoughtfulness
2.If we want to make friends, let’s greet people with animation and enthusiasm. When somebody calls you on the telephone use the same psychology
-------------------
原则二：经常微笑
1.Actions speak louder than words, and a smile says, “I like you, You make me happy. I am glad to see you.”That is why dogs make such a hit. They are so glad to see us that they almost jump out of their skins. So, naturally, we are glad to see them. A baby’s smile has the same effect
2.A man without a smiling face must not open a shop.”Your smile is a messenger of your good will. Your smile brightens the lives of all who see it. To someone who has seen a dozen people frown, scowl or turn their faces away, your smile is like the sun breaking through the clouds. Especially when that someone is under pressure from his bosses, his customers, his teachers or parents or children, a smile can help him realize that all is not hopeless -that there is joy in the world.
--------------------------------
原则三：记住别人的名字
Remember that a person’s name is to that person the sweetest and most important sound in any language
----------------------
原则四： 做一个好的听众，让别人去谈论自己（Be a good listener. Encourage others to talk about themselves）
So if you aspire to be a good conversationalist, be an attentive listener. To be interesting, be interested. Ask questions that other persons will enjoy answering. Encourage them to talk about themselves and their accomplishments.
Remember that the people you are talking to are a hundred times more interested in themselves and their wants and problems than they are in you and your problems. A person’s toothache means more to that person than a famine in China which kills a million people. A boil on one’s neck interests one more than forty earthquakes in Africa. Think of that the next time you start a conversation
---------------------
原则五：谈别人感兴趣的事（Talk in terms of the other person’s interests. ）
-----------------------
原则六：承认对方的优点和对自己的重要性（Make the other person feel important-and do it sincerely）
The unvarnished truth is that almost all the people you meet feel themselves superior to you in some way, and a sure way to their hearts is to let them realize in some subtle way that you recognize their importance, and recognize it sincerely. Remember what Emerson said: “Every man I meet is my superior in some way. In that, I learn of him.
-------------------------------
第三大章：How to Win People to Your Way of Thinking
原则一：避免和人辩论，因为你永远不会赢---这个，偶觉得还是方式的问题，不过还是尽量避免好了，因为没啥意义啊！：）The only way to get the best of an argument is to avoid it
You can’t win an argument. You can’t because if you lose it, you lose it,and if you win it, you lose it. Why?Well, suppose you triumph over the other man and shoot This argument full of holes and prove that he is non compos mentis.Then what? You will feel fine. But what about him? You have made him feel inferior. You have hurt his pride. He will resent your triumph. And A man convinced against his will Is of the same opinion still
If you argue and rankle and contradict, you may achieve a victory sometimes, but it will be an empty victory because you will never get your opponent’s good wil
-----------------
独立一段，关于怎样应对argument的建议：
一 不同的见解是有益的：Welcome the disagreement. Remember the slogan, “When two partners always agree, one of them is not necessary.” If there is some point you haven’t thought about, be thankful if it is brought to your attention. Perhaps this disagreement is your opportunity to be corrected before you make a serious mistake.
二：(别相信你的第一直觉印象--适用于异见）Distrust your first instinctive impression. Our first natural reaction in a disagreeable situation is to be defensive. Be careful. Keep calm and watch out for your first reaction. It may be you at your worst, not your best
三（控制你的脾气）Control your temper. Remember, you can measure the size of a person by what makes him or her angry. Listen first. Give your opponents a chance to talk. Let them finish. Do not resist, defend or debate. This only raises barriers. Try to build bridges of understanding. Don’t build higher barriers of misunderstanding.
四：求同存异：Look for areas of agreement. When you have heard your opponents out, dwell first on the points and areas on which
you agree.
五：诚实： Be honest, Look for areas where you can admit error and say so. Apologize for your mistakes. It will help disarm your
opponents and reduce defensiveness.
六：Promise to think over your opponents’ ideas and study them carefully. And mean it. Your opponents may be right. It is a lot easier at this stage to agree to think about their points than to move rapidly ahead and find yourself in a position where your opponents can say: “We tried to tell you, but you wouldn’t listen.”
七：感谢你的对手：Thank your opponents sincerely for their interest. Anyone who takes the time to disagree with you is interested in the same things you are. Think of them as people who really want to help you, and you may turn your opponents into friends.
八：给点时间给对方（很重要，很多时候回头看，会觉得当时狠傻，没必要为这问题吵，也从另一方面得出，和人去争论什么，真的没啥意义）Postpone action to give both sides time to think through the problem
---------------------------
原则二：别告诉别人自己比他们要高明
这段狠有哲理，别证明自己比其他人聪明，就算知道，也别告诉他
That is a challenge. It arouses opposition and makes the listener want to battle with you before you even start. It is difficult, under even the most benign conditions, to change people’s minds. So why make it harder? Why handicap yourself? If you are going to prove anything, don’t let anybody know it. Do it so subtly, so adroitly, that no one will feel that you are doing it.
This was expressed succinctly by Alexander Pope: Men must be taught as if you taught them not And things unknown proposed as things forgot.
Over three hundred years ago Galileo said: You cannot teach a man anything? you can only help him to find it within himself.
As Lord Chesterfield said to his son: Be wiser than other people if you can? but do not tell them so.
（勇于承认错误是最对的）You will never get into trouble by admitting that you may be wrong. That will stop all argument and inspire your opponent to be just as fair and open and broad-minded as you are. It will make him want to admit that he, too, may be wrong
------------
原则三：勇于认错
When we are right, let’s try to win people gently and tactfully to our way of thinking, and when we are wrong and that will be surprisingly often, if we are honest with ourselves - let’s admit our mistakes quickly and with enthusiasm. Not only will that technique produce astonishing results? but, believe it or not, it is a lot more
fun, under the circumstances, than trying to defend oneself.
Remember the old proverb: "By fighting you never get enough, but by yielding you get more than you expected.”
----------------
原则四：以友好的方式开始 Begin in a friendly way.
--------------
原则五： Get the other person saying “yes, yes”
------------------------
原则六：Let the other person do a great deal of the talking.
（这里和上面有点重复了，其实这里有很多原则是共通的）
----------------
原则七：Let the other person feel that the idea is his or hers
卡内基是个中国通，他引用了好多中国古代的谚语和道德经的东西：
" The reason why rivers and seas receive the homage of a hundred mountain streams is that they keep below them. Thus they are able to reign over all the mountain streams. So the sage, wishing to be above men, put himself below them, wishing to be before them, he put himself behind them. Thus, though his place be above men, they do not feel his weight,though his place be before them, they do not count it an injury.”
海纳百川，有容乃大
------------------------------
如果仅仅把这书当做是快餐书，励志书，成功学，
真的很可惜，
这书流传这么久真有它的道理，一些自以为是的“读书人”可能不屑看这类书，替他们遗憾。
一本值得反复看的经典之作，最重要是去实践上述的原则，
要记住：“This is an action book.”
2012.2.3
By Hammer
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